However, parents can have their own ideas about coaching and might not approve of your methods. P.O. Pop Warner also offers additional competition opportunities in Sideline Performance Cheer. The National Little Scholars program is a recognition program that is sponsored by Pop Warner. In 1897 and 1898, the Carlisle teams had 64 records. [56][n 14] The team posted a 101 record, outscored opponents 26762 and pioneered an elegant, high-speed passing game; it was one of the first teams to regularly throw the ball deep downfield. Auburn still lost to Vanderbilt 96, the first game in the south decided by a, Richard Gammon died soon after the following season's game against the. [139] He smoked Turkish Trophy cigarettes[3] and drank alcohol; his trainers were instructed to supply him with "cough medicine". [111], In 1924, Warner began his nine-year tenure at Stanford University. [104] However, things did not go Warner's way; at the beginning of the season, problems with the offensive line and on the flanks became apparent. [153] He was among the first to use the huddle,[152] to number plays,[152] and to teach the spiral pass and spiral punt. In 1899 (Warner's first year), Carlisle won nine and lost two gamesto the country's two best teams: Harvard and Princeton. Primarily, coaches need to make sure the cheer team members are registered and certified to be on the squad roster. Those Billerica families accuse Lynn coaches of "inappropriate", "offensive" and "aggressive" behavior. Keeping the ball, he would hide it behind him and run as though he had given it to a teammate. A two-hour practice, for instance, may include 15-minute segments of the following: warm-up and stretching, jump skills, pyramid practice, stunt practice, dance, running the routine, and finally cooldown. [19] Warner graduated from Cornell in 1894 and began working as an attorney in Buffalo, New York. The team defeated Harvard 1815, with Thorpe scoring all of Carlisle's field goals. During the series, Warner was seriously cut on the side of his head. Keep communicating with the parents throughout the season with updates or even follow-up meetings. As of Dec 12, 2022, the average annual pay for a Cheerleading Coach in the United States is $31,642 a year. Location impacts how much a volleyball coach can expect to make. You can avoid problems by starting things off right. The only restriction is that the kids must maintain at least a 2.0 or 70 percent grade point average. In addition, Pop Warner has a mandatory play requirement to encourage all kids to participate in competition. Your local program will determine in which of these your childs team will compete. [64] A track-and-field program was started that year. Quarterback Mount Pleasant was also on the 1904 and 1908 U.S. Olympic track and field teams, and at end was future member of the College Football Hall of Fame and future coach. Location impacts how much a college coach can expect to make. Teams are also not allowed to cut any players who has expressed a desire to participate. (However, some evidence suggests that this has more to do with discouraging the visiting team than encouraging the home team -- but whatever works, right?) Stamps in the Set: Customers Also Bought: #3147-50. His father, who had always wanted him to be a lawyer, sent him $100 (equivalent to about $3,000 in 2021). At the time your child was awarded the scholarship, a cover letter with instructions was included with the scholarship. Please let us know if you find any errors, updates, or corrections More Cardinals Pages St. Louis Cardinals Franchise Pages Year-by-Year Stats Batting Pitching Leaders Top 10 Career Batting Top 10 Single-Season Batting [87][18], In January 1913 a newspaper article revealed that Thorpe had played minor league baseball in North Carolina in the summer of 1908 with the Rocky Mount Railroaders, causing the International Olympic Committee to rescind the gold medals that he had won in the decathlon and pentathlon in the 1912 Olympics. After the match, while addressing the journalists, Warner acknowledged that there had been assistance from the referee. [22] Johanson practically ordered Warner to attend practice. A Chicago Tribune headline read, "Struck by a Cyclone". Cheer & Dance has a diverse set of disciplines; which will my child participate in? [96] Only five games were played, and the season's final game was in Cleveland against the Naval Reserve. Bonuses paid as of 2018: $175,000. [133] He left because of concern about the school's changing funding priorities. 'I often told the boys, with the coaches listening, about things that happened while I was at Rocky Mount.' And, of course, the clinic will also cover methods for instruction of techniques, including stunts and pyramids. Updated: 10:43 PM EDT Sep 26, 2022 Hide . [82][83] Thorpe weighed just 155lb (70kg), light for a football player. [130], The 1929 season is known for Warner's regular use of the hook and lateral, a play that involves a receiver who runs a curl pattern, catches a short pass and immediately laterals the ball to another receiver running a crossing route. Board to review, sharing their side. [131] Jones went on to win every year thereafter, including 1932, Warner's last season at Stanford. Aside from $30 in work-related educator expenses, you can also claim expenses if you work as a self-employed person. [n 11] The Columbia game was the first time that a crouching start, a form of what is now known as a three point stance, was used by the running backs. SalaryExpert estimates that cheerleading coaches earn about $39,228 to $65,342 annually in the U.S., with the median being $53,480 per year, which translates to $25.71 per hour on average.. [59] The Native American students were unaccustomed to such an approach, and several key players stopped attending practices. You know just how powerful home field advantage can be in sports. [145] As of 2016, about 325,000 children between the ages of 5 and 16 are mentored. Physical fitness, building physique and weight loss. [138], Warner married the former Tibb Lorraine Smith in Springville on June 1, 1899. [89] The Panthers were again undefeated and, like the previous year, six of the eight games were shutouts. [53] He considered his second stint there his best. This was Warner's chance to stand by Thorpe's side. Bill Self - Kansas: $5 . It's a good idea to attain a Red Cross Certificate in Community CPR and First Aid. While injury is always a risk in contact sport or athletic activity, Pop Warner has a medical advisory committee of neurosurgeons, sports medicine professionals, pediatricians and researchers that steer athlete safety protocols for football and cheer & dance. [42][51] While remaining head coach at Iowa State, he coached Cornell to records of 531 in 1897 and 102 in 1898;[1] in the latter season, Cornell outscored its opponents 29629. To Jim's teammates, this was nothing less than a knife to the back." Find out what works well at Pop Warner from the people who know best. [60] At the end of the season, the school played Columbia at the Polo Grounds in New York City, a premier sports venue at the time, defeating them 420. [91] Pittsburgh played an undefeated full season despite the war, although it was not awarded the national championship. [132] That season brought Warner his second straight loss to Jones, with Stanford defeated by the Trojans 70. Now go out and knock them off." Box 307Langhorne,Pennsylvania19047, YCADA Coaches COURSES (Required Course for all Rostered Staff), 2020 National Cheer & Dance Championships, Registration Software (Sports Connect Club Platform). The Age-Based tracks features divisions of kids of the same age, such as 8 & under, 9 & under, etc. Warner was once asked by a reporter from the. [136], In later years Warner said he regretted his decision to leave Stanford for Temple. Don't work the cheer team in severely hot or cold conditions. [9][10] In 1878 a railroad came to Springville, and four years later the family moved to a house on East Main Street. [114] Late in the game, California was leading 203; California coach Andy Smith, sure the game was over, began substituting regular players. [53], After leaving Cornell the first time, Warner became head coach of the football team at Carlisle Indian Industrial School the first Native American boarding school, which stole Native children from their families in order to forcibly assimilate them into white culture. [n 20][113] Nevers did not play due to a broken ankle. The referee was a former Cornell graduate and was accused of helping out Cornell during the game. [28], Ultimately, not only did Warner end up coaching at Iowa State before his time at Georgia; but while in Athens, he also received weekly updates from Iowa and sent back telegraphs with detailed advice for the following week. Pop Warner encourages squads to use poms, megaphones and flags. [27] It was during this time that Warner came up with his first original play: Three backs who normally protected the rusher would fake a run to one side, while the quarterback kept the ball and would hand it to the runner, who now had an open field to run through on the other side. What's perhaps most challenging about coaching youth cheerleading is keeping your practice time focused and productive. Updated: Apr 21, 2022 / 03:20 AM EDT. Nearly one-fifth of the coaches in the database make less than $30,000 per year. In 1921 the team's record dipped to 531,[1] but Pitt made college football history on October 8, 1921. This happened even though Warner admitted that he had never handled a real football. The "Most Likely Range" represents values that exist within the 25th and 75th percentile of all pay data available for this role. Meanwhile, Cheer & Dance participants are placed in Age-based divisions ranging from Junior Tiny Mite (Ages 3-4) through to Bantam (Ages 14-17). [91], In 1917 the United States entered World War I, and some players (including Andy Hastings and Jimmy Dehart) entered military service. 7. Thirty-two of their 35 players were from Western Pennsylvania, near Pittsburgh. According to Powers, "DeGroot had been using a single back offense but Pop immediately changed to the double wing, much to the doubts of San Jose players. 100 k +. [n 18] Early in 1922, Warner signed a contract with Stanford University in which he would begin coaching in 1924 (after his contract with Pitt expired). Steve Sheinkin, the author of Undefeated Jim Thorpe and the Carlisle Indian School Football Team, characterizes Warner's and Friedman's behavior as "scrambling to save their own hides. All coaches and volunteers regardless of position are required to pass a national background check. We live this! [52], In 1904, after five years at Carlisle (see below), Warner returned to Cornell but his 1904 team featuring Clemson transfer James Lynah was little improved over the previous year. Talking to Youth Football Referees. [133] Temple upset the Florida Gators, coached by future Temple coach Josh Cody, 2012 in Warner's last game. [116][117] Notre Dame's backfield was composed of the renowned Four Horsemen. [110] Health concerns, a significant pay raise and the rising status of Pacific Coast football made Warner make the big change. [46][n 9] The second touchdown came right after the first onside kick in the South. (Oct. 15, 2010)http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200303/are-we-pushing-our-kids-too-hard. [1] Warner's salary increased to $4,500 per season (equivalent to $126,000 in 2021). [1] The 1211 defeat by Harvard is known for the "hunch-back", or "hidden-ball", play which Warner learned from Heisman;[71] he had a tailor sew elastic bands into the waists of several players' jerseys before the game so the play could be executed. [33], Soon after Warner left for Georgia, Iowa State had its first official college game of the season. Warner played him as a substitute, encouraging him to put his time into track and field. Maybe I did a little cussing, now and then, but never at players. (Oct. 15, 2010)http://books.google.com/books?id=Ln9Je1myIgcC. At the close of every season I would be in poor physical condition, twice being rendered incapable of coaching while I recuperated in a hospital. Pop Warner, the Langhorne, Pa.-based group which had about 275,000 youngsters in its football program nationally last season, is a defendant, as is the Orange Empire Conference; Lakewood Pop. The salary trajectory of a Coach ranges between locations and employers. There are two options. This refers to the phenomenon of how teams generally do better when they're in their own field, surrounded by their own fans. Coaching a Pop Warner cheer team is one way to help these kids benefit from the activities. "[45], During those two years Warner also played two games against John Heisman, another future coaching legend. [25][n 3], Due to the then-tradition of alumni coming back to assist their undergraduate teams in rivalry games, Cornell's coach Marshall Newell left for several weeks to assist Harvard in its rivalry game with Yale. Some other things you can do as a coach include ensuring proper warm-up, stretching and cool down on days of practices and competitions. Included among his innovations are the single and double wing formations (precursors of the modern spread and shotgun formations[2]), the three point stance and the body blocking technique. Jan. 1, 2003. [56] It was used during a Harvard kickoff; when the ball was caught, Carlisle formed a circle around the returner and pushed the ball up the back of the player's (altered) jersey. [5], In the early 1900s, he created a premier football program at the Carlisle Indian Industrial Schoola federally-funded, off-reservation Indian boarding school. According to a 2020 report by Forbes, the average salary for an NFL assistant coach was $250,000 per year, with some coaches earning significantly m Continue Reading Sponsored by SalsaMobi If you don't try to address the problem of a grumpy parent, it might fester and just get worse. Billerica Pop Warner President Franck Malandain told Boston 25 News that he . The most enjoyable part was watching the kids preform in front of thousands of people and showing how hard work and fun can come together and make them stronger. [95] At the stadium where the game was to be played, the locker rooms were next to each other, with only a thin wall separating the two teams prior to the game. Some consider these skills and experiences those that first inspired Warner to later make improvements to shoulder and thigh pads, as well as tackling dummies. What information do I need to provide to receive the scholarship funds? Share Copy Link. Pop Warner Football employees attributed a compensation and benefits rating of 1.9/5 stars to their company. [n 1] Predating Bear Bryant, Eddie Robinson, and Joe Paterno, he once had the most wins of any coach in college football history. Pop Warner requires that each cheerleading coach get trained in one of the organization's coaching clinics. [144] His name is widely known for the Pop Warner Little Scholars program, which began in 1929 as the Junior Football Conference in Philadelphia to keep children busy and out of trouble. In football, we've instituted the nation's most advanced safety measures, including limiting contact to 25% of practice time; eliminating kickoffs and the three-point stance for our youngest divisions; banning full-speed, head-on tackling and blocking drills; and mandating that any player who suffers a suspected head injury receive medical clearance from a medical professional trained in concussion evaluation and management before returning to play. More for the more intense programs (ecnl/da). [41] Both quarterbacks played well and, unlike the previous year, Warner's team won 166. Heisman was first to begin an inspirational speech and it was said that he passionately described both heroes of Ancient Greece as well as the tragedy of a soldier found in his armor among the ruins of Pompeii. All coaches are required certifications in their respective sports a USA Football certification or a YCADA certification. [37] Despite leaving Georgia for Cornell in 1897, Warner remained head coach at Iowa State for another three years, posting winning records. Like with sprinters, this similar stance maximized the speed of his players. (After Thorpe's death the medals were posthumously reinstated.) The 1919 Panthers had six wins, two losses and one tie. Assistant Coach. "[58] It has been said that after that game he considered Carlisle to be the future of college football. [129] In recognition of his Rose Bowl accomplishments, Warner was inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame in 2018. How much does a Volleyball Coach make? Here, the trainers will go over pointers on planning, conditioning and equipment. [102][103], The 1919 season began with high expectations; World War I was over, and key players had returned from service. How much does it cost for a child to join a Pop Warner program? Signs can also help crowds know the chants to follow. [n 21] In their first game, at the Los Angeles Memorial Colosseum, Stanford scored twice in the first half but had to hold off the charging Trojans in a 139 win. [80] In the second play of the Penn game, Hauser threw a 40-yard spiral pass, hitting his receiver in stride. Like Warner, Rockne is considered one of the greatest coaches in football history. The double wing became the most effective of all systems for effective forward passing since it permitted the quick release of four receivers down the field. Those who do not meet this requirement, or home-schooled students can still play if they follow the alternative eligibility process which is monitored by progress reports. For more information on chartering with Pop Warner, please visit www.popwarner.com/joinus. The estimated total pay for a Coach at Pop Warner Football is $50,505 per year. Once you find the league nearest you, you can navigate that league website to identify the name of your local association. [20] This job only lasted for a few months. At a parents meeting before the season begins, inform parents of your goals and rules for the kids, as well as safety precautions (and unavoidable risks involved). [42] In 1895, the Auburn Tigers defeated the Bulldogs 126. [37], In Warner's first season at Georgia, he was hired at a salary of $34 per week. Pop Warner Team Stores Now you can shop for fanwear of every Pop Warner team; a percentage of proceeds will go back to your organization. Coaching for a Pop Warner cheer team means that there's a chance of getting your team into national championships. Doctors advised me that the climate of the Pacific coast would be much better for a man of my age and in the work in which I was engaged. [5], Andrew Kerr, who was an assistant to Warner at Pittsburgh and Stanford, said he considered Warner "the greatest creative genius in American football. [22] Johanson practically ordered Warner to attend practice. Football programs are open to youth participants ages 5-16. [152] He also had his own helmet color-coding: red for backs and white for ends. [2][151] He introduced several plays, such as the trap run,[152] the bootleg,[127] the naked reverse,[146] and the screen pass. How are participants placed in age divisions? How do I sign up to coach or volunteer with my local program? In fact, Warner Brothers did make a movie of his life, the 1951 box-office smash Jim Thorpe, All American, starring Burt Lancaster. Pop Warner Little Scholars, Inc. Official Website. [48] The next year, Tichenor faced Georgia's Richard Von Albade Gammon, a star quarterback in his first year under Warner. [75] Many students left, and this affected the team (which had a 5101 record). A childs age is determined by his/her age on July 31 of the current year. [93] The game was postponed until the following season, giving Tech the 1917 national championship (the first for any Southern school). How do I sign my child up to participate in Pop Warner? [12] Warner's East Main Street house attracted a number of friends; when a neighbor told his mother that the boys' play would damage her lawn, she replied: "I'm raising boys, not grass. [94] On November 23, 1918 the two teams played at Pittsburgh. How much does a Volleyball Coach make in the United States? (P.s: Note that this is calculated by working 6 . The game against USC was a 13-to-13 tie.[126]. [46] Tichenor had executed the first "hidden-ball trick" in an earlier Auburn game against Vanderbilt,[n 8] and used it again against Georgia. There's simply no way Pop Warner didn't know about Thorpe's summer baseball. Check out Pop Warner's College Coaching Records, Awards and Leaderboards and more about College Football at Sports-Reference.com . On the original bootlegger, Warner made use of Biff Hoffman's tremendous hands. [3], He retired from San Jose State (and coaching) in 1940. Please refer to that letter for next steps. After that season, Warner left Carlisle to become head coach at Pittsburgh. [7] Coaching Pittsburgh from 1915 to 1923, he compiled a 60124 record. Ron 'Pop' Warner 75. The ruse confused the Harvard players, who scrambled to find the ball carrier, and the returner (ignored, with both hands free) ran untouched into the end zone. To locate the Pop Warner program in your area, please visit our Find Your Local League page. School buyout as of 2018: $11,015,000. Gus Welch, one of Thorpe's teammates, said, "Mr. Warner is a good football coach, but a man with no principle. [50], After Georgia's outstanding 1896 performance, Warner returned to his alma mater Cornell at twice his Georgia salary. However, as Warner was a guard and not a runner, he was incorrectly holding the ball, and fumbled upon being tackled. "[115] The game was thus a test of two different and highly influential systems of football:[9] "the Warner system with the wing backs, unbalanced line and gigantic power [and the] Knute Rockne system with its rhythmic, dancing shift, lightning speed, balanced line and finely timed blocking". [142] He also had a woodworking shop in his garage. temporary. Pop Warner investigating viral youth football tackling video; coach reportedly fired last year Video from September 2020 drill went viral this week, coach was fired immediately after it happened At 6'2", 205 pounds with tree trunk legs, he looks more like a versatile tight end than the most prolific receiver in Arizona prep history.. You can also organize other activities outside of practice -- like putt-putt or bowling -- to boost team spirit. Pop Warner, byname of Glenn Scobey Warner, (born April 5, 1871, Springville, New York, U.S.died September 7, 1954, Palo Alto, California), American college gridiron football coach who devised the dominant offensive systems used over the first half of the 20th century. [43][44] It also avenged the loss to North Carolina, winning 2416, "For the first time in Southern football history the football supremacy of Virginia and North Carolina was successfully challenged. National Little Scholars are chosen by national and announced April 1. Before the game, both teams were undefeated and Stanford had not beaten California since 1905. [36] The team finished with three wins and three losses and, like Georgia, retained Warner for the following season. Warner considered the 1912 team brilliant and adaptive, and experimented with new plays and formations. Is it safe for my child to participate in Pop Warner? Pop Warner Football employees attributed a compensation and benefits rating of 1.9/5 stars to their company. However, at young age levels, it's especially important to keep everything in perspective and not push kids too much. In the first professional indoor football game, Syracuse defeated the heavily favored New York team. A key aspect of its success was the opposing coaches' inability to address Warner's evolving strategies; according to Powers, "His reverse plays were a mystery, although Pop always was willing to explain them in detail to any other coach". The odds of the flag being picked up in this case are about 1 in 100. [90] The Panthers were the consensus national champions, and Warner became recognized as one of football's greatest coaches. Each official's pay will depend on the position they have on the crew, as well as how long they have been in the league. Other SR Sites. The estimated base pay is $37,742 per year. There's the speech. Additional pay could include bonus, stock, commission, profit sharing or tips. [31] One story recounts that in the middle of September (just before leaving for Georgia), Warner took his team north west for a previously agreed-upon game against the Butte Athletic Club of Butte, Montana. [119], During the 1925 season, Stanford lost just one PCC game (to Washington);[120] California was finally defeated, 277. Years later, he wrote: I felt my health would be better on the Pacific coast. The team was known as "The Fighting Dentists" because on occasion every position was filled by dental students. Thorpe later said. However, the formation began to click and San Jose not only enjoyed an undefeated season but was the highest scoring team in the nation. If it is calculated, these cricket coaches are basically earning about 19.79 dollars an hour, a total of 792 dollars every week, and a huge sum of 3,430 dollars per month. [56] At the time such a pass was stunning and unexpected, and is considered by one journalist to be an evolutionary step in the game. If you cannot locate the letter, feel free to email [emailprotected]. Warner denied that he knew about Thorpe playing baseball professionally, and he and Moses Friedman, the Carlisle superintendent, drafted a statement for Thorpe to sign in which Thorpe took all the blame onto himself. For more advice on parents, including overprotective and competitive parents, take a look at "How to Handle Parents While Coaching.". Assistant Coach: Jamie Pogue 94 . The Highest Paid College Basketball Coaches: Mike Krzyzewski - Duke: $9.7 million. Pop Warner provides team skill levels for Cheer Teams (Core Cheer, Show Cheer PW 1-4) and for Dance Teams (Pom Performance, Theme Dance & Hip Hop). [64][67], Warner's next two years were less fruitful. "I thought more of that contract than any I have ever received for coaching a football team" said Warner. How JSB Works. In 1911, Thorpe began training for the upcoming Olympics, and won gold medals in the pentathlon and decathlon at the 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm. Scholl, Trevor. Most standard American football rules apply in Pop Warner leagues, but the organization makes a few adjustments. Although the parents and coaches who want them to achieve have good intentions, some say children miss out on developing strong family relationships and self-awareness when sports become their life [source: Elkins]. [16] Later Warner wrote "I dare not write to my father and tell him I was broke"[17]he felt that the only way to get funds was to inform his father that he had decided to study law. Nevers played all 60 minutes of the game, and rushed for 114yd (104m) (more yardage than the Four Horsemen combined). Except for visiting the practices of a four-time Pop Warner world champion coach, I have not been to another coach's youth practice since 1989. ", "Thorpe had never tried to hide his participation in baseball. Pop Warner's probe continues into whether coaches of a team in California offered bounties to players in 2011 for knocking foes out of games. [79], Warner considered the 1907 Carlisle team "about as perfect a football machine as I ever sent on the field". . [11], Plump as a child, Warner was sometimes known as "Butter". A coach's first and foremost responsibility is to the safety of the cheer squad. And the average coaching engagement . Like the game against the Fighting Irish, Stanford dominated but the result was a 77 tie. 18 October 2010. Once you find the league nearest you, you can navigate that league website to identify the name of your local association. The Age/Weight-based feature players similar in age and weight. He stated that "We outscored 'em but we didn't defeat 'em, if you follow me. Pop Warner has several forms and sheets that a coach has to stay on top of. Special Offer on Antivirus Software From HowStuffWorks and TotalAV Security, Complete Paperwork and Other Requirements, 5 Tips for Supporting Your Favorite Football Team, Understanding Pop Warner Football Weight Classes. Coaching Record Table; Year School G W L T Pct SRS SOS AP Pre AP High AP Post Bowl Notes; 1897: Cornell: 9: 5: 3: 1.611: 8.16: . It was the first year of a new rivalry, with coach Howard Jones and the University of Southern California (USC) team. [7] In all, he was head coach at the University of Georgia (18951896), Iowa Agricultural College and Model Farm (18951899), Cornell University (18971898 and 19041906), Carlisle (18991903 and 19071914), Pittsburgh (19151923), Stanford (19241932) and Temple University (19331938), compiling a career college football record of 31910632. Mostly 8k-15k per team per year. During Warner's latter years at Stanford, USC became the undisputed leader of the west, winning multiple national championships. Prior to tax reform, you could deduct unreimbursed work-related expenses subject to a 2% threshold as an employee, but Congress discontinued this for tax years 2018 through 2025. [14] He was already interested in art as a childlearning how to paint watercolor landscapes, and as a tinsmith he learned how to use tools to make things like cups, teapots, baking pans, and lanterns. . It is estimated that the average NFL official makes about $205,000 a year. This employer has not claimed their Employer Profile and is missing out on connecting with our community. Rick Pitino - Louisville: $5.8 million. [12] Nobody in town owned a football; his only exposure to the new sport at a young age was with an inflated cow's bladder, and as few knew the rules, the game more resembled soccer. Glassdoor provides our best prediction for total pay in today's job market, along with other types of pay like cash bonuses, stock bonuses, profit sharing, sales commissions, and tips. Posted: Apr 19, 2022 / 11:50 PM EDT. 5. Experienced coach and author Leslie Wilson has dealt with her fair share of unhappy parents and has a few suggestions.
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