xOZo!BQf&vo$h5N z@*ly3Q_Hp{%f7$uPy+u *@`a F\@t2g%b},xhO2bLF;f+o0r 9a0@3~q During the 90-minute call, Dr. Goodfriend tries to be a good listener, empathizes with Buddys difficult situation, offers advice on ways that Buddy can better manage his stress, provides him with general encouragement, and suggests a book that outlines stress management and anxiety reduction strategies. Dr. Tell worked with a woman for several months on issues related to depression, anxiety, and relationship issues. <> ), Psikolojik danmanlk alannda mevcut ve gelien etik sorunlar [Current and developing ethical problems in psyhological counseling field], Sources of conflict between primary school principals and school counselors in Turkey, I wanna tell you a story: Exploring the application of vignettes in qualitative research with children and young people, International journal of Social Research Methodology, Using an ethical decision-making model to address ethical dilemmas in school counseling, An examination of the ethical dilemmas of school counsellors: Opinions and solution recommendations. Currently, the patient is denying the fact that she has made past threats toward her neighbor. Case Vignettes for Review Directions: The following cases are intended to facilitate the development of your ethical analysis and resolution capacities. Hence, the admission is voluntary. The ex-wife moved back to the area about six months ago. locating a long-time friend who is willing to help him at home, referring him to a neuropsychologist for testing, engaging in lengthy discussions with his primary care physician and neurologist, participating in multiple conversations with the attorney, and trying to find a guardian or power of attorney. Ethical, Legal, and Professional Issues in Counseling Author: Theodore Phant Remley Publisher: Prentice Hall ISBN: Category : Education Languages : en Pages : 488 Get Book. Is Dr. The therapy with the ex-husband was brief, and he focused on how he wanted to leave the marriage. During the current session, the confides that he has made a new female friend. What are potential ethical issues with this invitation? He drives the car to a local dealer who indicated that the Explorer is worth about $3,500. How would you advise Dr. Thomas to handle them? Dan asked a number of faculty members to be the faculty advisor of this group. While most were supportive, all declined the invitation (likely because the campus is small and in a conservative area of the state). Since there is rarely a right or wrong answer for most ethical dilemmas and since the cases provide limited detail, it is possible that you can validly argue for an answer and/or explanation that differs from ours. She also agreed to think about the need to bring in the boyfriend, because inviting him to therapy will not necessarily help the situation. While the treatment team does not share Dr. Solomons concern and has started to make discharge plans, they have not spent as much individual time with the patient as Dr. Solomon. His family lives at a distance and provides minimal help. Ethical Vignette Paper.docx. What would you likely do with this email solicitation? The therapy focused on depression and anxiety related to work-related issues, interpersonal limitations, and relationship difficulties. Group of answer choices Growth in . The patient admitted herself to the unit, with some persuasion by the local police, for making loud threats and menacing gestures in her neighbors driveway. What are some recommendations that you would make to the psychologist? (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Glover, J. Mr. Drapier acknowledges many cognitive, behavioral, and physical symptoms of serious depression. Hopefully, the teacher will use the Acculturation Model to help blend professional, ethical obligations with personal values and beliefs. She is not sure that he completely understands what is happening or understands her version of informed consent for the additional services. Menu. Address the matter with the other therapist directly. The PASS-2 is administered online, from any computer, iPad, or iPhone. 2 0 obj Dr. Miller suggests that she meet with both Mr. and Mrs. Drapier to evaluate the marital situation. The interview schedule was related to six vignettes about "ethical dilemmas." The vignettes were established by analyzing Turkish ethical codes. Next, most vignettes have more than one ethical issue that can be addressed. She was recently offered a position as a dual-diagnosis treatment counselor at a local drug and alcohol rehabilitation facility. Learning Objectives: The physician wants the therapist to treat his 17-year-old daughter, who suffers with what he describes to be an eating disorder and perhaps some Borderline Personality Disorder traits. However, upon his arrival in the emergency department, the medical record quotes the patient as saying, This wasnt supposed to have happened.. She remembered back to her psychopathology class in graduate school, and felt comfortable running the group based on the knowledge of schizophrenia that she acquired from the class. Continuing Education & Ethical Resources For Mental Health Professionals. With whom does the therapist discuss the multiple roles? Dr. Tell reminded her about confidentiality and the laws in Pennsylvania that would override it. endobj The patient presents with a history of rejection and abandonment as well as being abused by persons of power. Review each of the scenarios and indicate whether you agree or disagree with the counselors action. When asked about the reason for the referral, she said that her physician had referred her for anxiety. 2 Print version: page 62 6 min read 0 Dr. Joel Bishop has been conducting pre-ordination evaluations for a religious institution for many years. Divide and Rule? The main therapeutic issues are depression and loneliness. And, Dr. Tell agreed to determine whether or not reporting this information would put her clients confidentiality at risk. There were contentious issues dealing with the custody arrangements of the children. Some of the sessions focused on a sexually abusive relationship between a basketball coach and the patient when she was age 13 to 16. Case Vignettes for Review Directions: The following cases are intended to facilitate the development of your ethical analysis and resolution capacities. The counsellor is also conscious. ev}]=h}))-mv-K4a_5@rFBPnevW :X})8Bl;%1cw'=@rw6=V|}oYdhNTJ]gIXS0f319' T8L*(xp8w}?}UD Mr. Drapier mentions that Dr. Cooper sells St. Johns Wort to him directly. What obligations does the therapist have to the parent? %PDF-1.5 Dr. Bishop developed a strong relationship with this religious institution and they have been quite satisfied with his work. What steps does the psychologist need to take? When facing uncertainty, consult a colleague, refer to APA's Ethics Code and document your decision, advised APA Ethics Committee members. To use provided clinical vignettes to practice how to recognize the ethical and legal issues. A therapist receives a call from an attorney wishing to seek services for depression, anxiety and substance abuse. Dr. Jordan calls you on the phone for an ethics consultation. Dilemma 20: Has the Psychologist Done Too Much? Ethical dilemmas are important puzzles with no easy answers but are fun to contemplate. The most frequent ethical dilemmas involved the limits of confidentiality, confusion about counsellors' professional roles in school settings, uncooperative behaviours among stakeholders, and . What are other steps that the therapist may want to take in this situation? And, how would you, as the treating therapist, deal with those emotions? What emotional reactions may occur for the therapist? Can the therapist continue the treatment relationship with the patient? endobj The physician explains that he has been medicating her for about four months with Prozac and Klonopin, once he became aware of her eating disordered behavior. Plenty without any type of testing. The therapist and patient discussed the type of job she was entering, because knew she might experience rejection from doctors, nurses, and other office personnel. ethical decision making that guides students and practitioners as they work through and analyze complicated ethics cases that demonstrate some of the most challenging dilemmas that they will face. << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> When dealing with the EAP program, she thinks her title of doctor might put people off, so she announces herself as Sue when dealing with EAP clients. She told the student that she would think about the request prior to answering. They have dinner as couples several times per year. Kara then contacted the facility and let the supervisor know that she is not able to accept the position at this time, but that she plans to seek out the necessary training and supervision to work with substance abuse clients, and that she hopes the facility will consider her for the position once she has completed the necessary training. Contemplate these 16 conundrums. / ethical dilemmas in counseling vignettes. Even if they terminate therapy, how does the therapist cope with family gatherings since she knows significant details about her patients life? The therapist remembers the former patient as a likeable person. She does not feel right taking a fee larger than her usual and customary rate. What are the ethical issues for this scenario? He indicated that Dr. Cooper recommended that he discontinue a psychotropic medication in favor of an herbal remedy. Both therapists are of the same profession. V;J/$"P)T)-nC6!;D-b0 *a #Xk%u %lFhZ@=Hr|y>wtrPuDd"Q=d0bs9>CQ?Rkf-U]BFJV9>g$d\3IH:$@eU-ASq 1K [i=2y#qIg3ibct x*apx>1@y#@/#x@ s ^R9,.6^ X T9,e64vKa8%#o-%=cpi %&)}Cd$fi4/6O.FSKA^iBd<2PTG :5=@0J=kM* Dr. Goodfriend receives a call from Buddy, his very close high school friend. Dr. Bishop calls you for a consult about this situation. The survey developed for this study consisted of vignettes based on ethical issues identified in the counseling supervision literature. The client, Mr. Don Tellanyone, is a Sultan, M., Tump, A.N., Geers, M. et al. What should you do with this email solicitation? Along with. 8 0 obj She was pleased to find that by attending the seminar, she could earn 20 CEUs that would count towards maintaining her licensure, and also gain the knowledge needed to successfully treat her new clients. The Center is solely responsible for all aspects of the programs. I encourage you to review our web site. The therapist knows her new boss, Mr. Biggy. Because of his status as a well-known internist, he does not want to refer his daughter to a psychiatrist because he believes that he can handle the medication piece of her treatment. Qualitative content analysis in practice. Dr. Smith decided to review the report. She recently received an offer to become a sales representative for a pharmaceutical company. After her 6 weeks of training, the company assigns her to a regional director that the therapist knows personally. Render date: 2023-03-04T21:33:13.444Z Sci Rep 12, 22416 (2022). xWMs6W :4MNR)CWI/$@jt H oW5}TP(&P2?;*Ad{)t7lO=+v'EHQ'N}Y~Z5V(.oiExAEmH4g}?.cW,'Y0|\&A\FJtf3d_`M$ L U Published online by Cambridge University Press: The therapist recalls that the patient had always been good-natured, attended appointments regularly, and worked well in therapy. <> Dr. Smith also wondered if it was appropriate to bill Mrs. Simpson for his time in reviewing the report. You may access the ACA Code of Ethics and other ethics code at the WEBLINKS button on this website. The results and implications for counsellors, counsellor educators and researchers are discussed. The therapist knows that the ex-wife had been struggling with isolation and loneliness as well. The therapist has not worked with the patient for about two years. The former patient is asking for the therapist to be a character witness as he has an upcoming hearing for a minor criminal offense. Ethics and law for school psychologists . Dr. Crane is questioning the pros and cons of being the therapist and the faculty advisor. The clients boyfriend expressed that she should never discuss this with anyone. While confidentiality has been preserved, the dynamics of each case areisomorphicto a real clinical situation faced by a practicing psychologist. Twenty-seven school counsellors in Turkey were asked to respond to 13 vignettes with ethical dilemmas. Dr. Solomon, feeling uncomfortable with the situation, contacts you for a consultation about the potential ethical issues for this case. Standards of practice, part B.9 states that . Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. During those calls, the conversations typically focus on careers, family members, and the whereabouts about other classmates. A therapist had an intake appointment with a new client. The attending psychiatrist concurs with the discharge plan and advised Dr. Solomon not to worry about it. In fact, the psychiatrist encouraged the psychologist to omit any reference to the patients comments about the neighbor in treatment summaries or clinical notes as hysterical nonsense.. You have shared a couple of patients with the psychiatrist in the past and have spoken with him by telephone a few times. He asked the attorney if anyone is contesting the will. As social isolation, loneliness and depression are regular themes in treatment; the therapist frames this as positive progress. She stated that she wanted to include some education around sexual abuse and tell her story in a healthy, therapeutic manner. During the interview, she was told that she would need to work independently, with only limited supervision. Uncertain, she calls you for an ethics consultation. In a therapy session in an outpatient substance abuse treatment facility, a patient reveals that an agency staff person another therapist in a different department has paid to have sex with another patient in the treatment facility Lyla, who is a prostitute. If you were Dr. Goodfriend, how do you feel about the phone call? The EAP service provides a solution-focused, three-session benefit for companies within Virginia. What are some of the potential ethical pitfalls in this scenario? stream 14 March 2022. At the end of the day, he listens to voicemail messages to learn that a former patient is reaching out to him for a request. My name is Dr. Simultaneously, he strongly believes he made the right decision. ethical dilemmas in counseling vignettes. The therapist ignores the comment and finishes by setting their initial appointment. adapted and used used with consent from a state psychological association. He also indicated that the relationship is taking on a more serious tone. What are some of the suggestions that you may have for the therapist about accepting or declining the referral? Therapists have used the PASS-2 for psychological diagnoses and evaluations for a number of years. What are Dr. Millers potential ethical issues in this situation? The psychologist is involved in a busy practice, specializes in treating eating disorders, and receives only occasional referrals from this physician. An examination by parenting professionals of the concept of overparenting, Intercultural model of ethical decision-making: Addressing worldview dilemmas in school counseling, Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation, Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook, Bir metafor almas: rencilerin rehberlik servisine ilikin alglar [A metaphor study: Students perceptions related to the guidance service], Journal of Social Sciences of Mu Alparslan University, Trkiyenin ruh sal yasas ile imtihan [Turkeys exam with mental health act], Special issue: Legal and ethical issues in school counseling, Reporting suspected child abuse: Conflicting roles for the counselor, Ethical, legal, and professional issues in counseling. She stated that Dr. Jordan recommended that she write down her memories. Abruptly, Mr. Drapier looks at his watch and leaves the office explaining that he is late for a business meeting. The mother further reports that the patients cousin has been driving the patient around town. Others sources will also be used. What factors make this situation potentially difficult for you as a therapist? There is nothing unusual that stands out about their therapeutic relationship. What are some actions that you, as the treating therapist, may have done differently? : Ethical and Legal Ramifications of Documentation Decisions. After the session is over, the therapist has time to reflect on her concerns. Furthermore, she felt that because she was now in private practice, she could treat whoever she chose to, regardless of the specific needs of her clients. To discuss the matter in further detail, Dr. Popeil calls you for an ethics consult. Copyright Center for Ethical Practice, 977 Seminole Trail, #312, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901 It was revealed that counsellors prioritise the students benefit and respect students privacy. Dan explained to Dr. Crane that this group would be student-led and meet on campus. To provide hypothetical vignettes based on ethical/legal dilemmas in my own practice. Mr. Biggy indicates that he wants to talk more about his feelings. 1LzLxG`kvP@>. Mr. DiMencha doesnt appear to understand his legal rights or the settlement process. The patient has never met the attorney face-to-face, only by email and phone contacts. Kara, a therapist on the county hospitals psychiatric unit, is a recent graduate from a masters degree program in mental health counseling. Out of options, Dan is asking Dr. Crane to be the faculty advisor. A therapist has been working individually with a 17-year-old male for issues related to depression and family dynamics. In hindsight, what triggered some possible difficulties in this situation? Among other things, the report contained a psychological evaluation of the patient. The physician, nurse practitioner, or physicians assistant will offer patients this important opportunity via a specially designed 4 x 6 card. mh:/lIk[ R#ig#hJh@xVSP~~NP&#HC"+}C.|L.B:qe -4F[QDZuee168Ioa{ 3 m&#H7 x6}K The client then asked if she could invite her boyfriend to the next session so that they could all discuss the information and the best way to handle the situation. Directions: The following cases are intended to facilitate the development of your ethical analysis and resolution capacities. In this new edition, Dr. Welfel provides the most current information on the market, including up-to-date coverage of the newly adopted ACA Code of . What would be your emotional response to this situation? Dans vision is that the group would meet periodically to provide one another with support, to do problem solving, to share information and personal struggles, and perhaps to provide some psycho-educational work on campus. To create paragraphs in your essay response, type
at the beginning of the paragraph, and
at the end. One day, Dr. Bishop receives a phone call from his contact at the institution. Review each of the scenarios and indicate whether you "agree" or "disagree" with the counselor's action. On that card, there will be information that explains the importance of completing this assessment, the cost, and that a licensed therapist will review the results and contact the patient by phone within 3 to 5 business days. Prior to providing extra-therapy support, Dr. For example, the psychologist might have to evict his client for failing to pay rent--or he might . The therapist explains the fee structure for the initial appointment as well as ongoing psychotherapy sessions. hasContentIssue true, The Author(s), 2022. Not knowing what to do, and realizing that the next patient is in the waiting room, the therapist takes the cash and sets up another appointment. Several weeks after beginning to go on sales calls, your patient reports that Mr. Biggy is complimenting her on the way she looks and her ability to make the sale. xVN0}-m8 The ICU staff asks for your input. He would like help to work through the issues. The therapist, her husband, and his ex-wife are on good terms. Dilemma 1: Psychologist in the Middle Dilemma 2: A Suffering Caregiver Dilemma 3: A New Referral? She recalled that he agreed that it could make a good book. He also divulged that his risk-taking behavior has increased as well, such as speeding. The treating therapist knows the local therapist who released the information, but does not have a strong relationship with him. What are some possible suggestions for Dr. Jordan? How easy or how difficult would it be to take those steps? What obligations does the therapist have to Mr. Drapier, Mrs. Drapier, Dr. Cooper, and the public? endobj You will receive a high quality report that offers diagnostic possibilities, suicide potential, and treatment planning options for new patients. Youre encouraged to cite appropriate ethical principles and/or code of ethics standards. The patient repeated this line of questioning during the first face-to-face session. Total loading time: 0 From: PsychBuilder High Tech Psychology at Low Cost, Subject: Online Assessment Tool to Promote your Practice. 6768). The group is for newly diagnosed schizophrenic clients, and is meant to help them cope specifically with their auditory or visual hallucinations. cn]JlmQSMDM>pEm+gxMU]``tQqKF The cost of the online administration is $25, to be paid by the patient. When she asks about insurance, he indicates that he will pay in cash. After some other small talk, Dr. Smith leaves to mingle with other friends. The Center for Ethical Practice is approved by the American Psychological Association (APA) to sponsor continuing education for psychologists. Can the client contact Child Protective Services anonymously in this case? image.jpg Liberty University Ethical and Legal Issues in Counseling . Looking through his files, the therapist cannot find his file, so it must have been more than five or six years ago. The therapist pulls the former patients chart. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 8 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 1>> The treating therapist believes the options are: What are the possible emotional reactions to this situation? What are the ethical concerns in this scenario? I need two professional journals dated within the last 5 years regarding ethical dilemmas in counseling _____has been described as the primary ethical dilemma faced by school counselors. She calls you for an ethics consult. His impairment is noticeable by Dr. As a mandated reporter, would Dr. Tell report place her clients confidentiality be at risk? Also during the course of the phone contact, Chuck expresses some homicidal rage toward his parents, particularly around financial issues and early childhood sexual abuse from his father. By Dr. Stephen Behnke, APA Ethics Director February 2008, Vol 39, No. It may rather be a sign that one is fully engaged in the life of a community. The survey consisted of 10 vignettes based on the above ethical issues in. This has caused both his physical and After six sessions, Mr. DiMencha suffered a significant concussion while at work. 6 0 obj 3. Patient contact information will be part of the administration process. Your browser either does not support scripting or you have turned scripting off. The therapist screens the potential patient and believes that she can help him. School Law for counselors, psychologists, and social workers . While Tara is regarded as an excellent counselor by her clients and colleagues, she realizes that her skills are limited by the lack of variety in her training and experience. Mr. Biggy starts asking questions that are more personal, forwards her funny emails, and texts some inappropriate remarks to her, mainly about her alluring power that helps make sales. ACE provider approval period: 3/21/2021-3/21/2024. The physician wants the psychologist to treat his 17-year-old daughter . We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Dr. Goodfriend speaks with Buddy about once every six to nine months. He also wondered if he should contact the patients lawyer, with her permission, to disclose his perceptions about the quality of the report and his perceptions about the conclusions. We used a transcendental phenomenology research method and identified the themes of consulting, referring to ethical guidelines, documenting, contributing factors, and engaging in professional development. First, these vignettes are meant to be teaching tools. However, she begins to feel uncomfortable as she feels like they are spending too much time together. Because of busy primary care practices, the PASS-2 can be completed at home, if the office does not have internet access for patient use. Dr. Smith is now worried about the entire situation. B) =AiV5bAqUKxs#6{pA :)B'5-a* The Center maintains responsibility for this program and its content. Prior to returning the call, Dr. Jordan reviews the patients chart. The client asked if she could just give Dr. Tell the information about the uncle so that she could report it to the authorities and leave her out of the situation. According to the therapy patient, Lyla is not aware that one of her customers is a therapist who works in another part of the same facility where she is receiving substance abuse treatment. Ethical dilemmas of Turkish counsellors: A critical incidents study, Turkish school counselors experiences of reporting child sexual abuse: a brief report, Ethical judgments of counselors: Results from a Turkish sample, Breaching confidentiality to report students risk-taking behaviours to school administrators, Exploring the use of vignettes: From validity to trustworthiness, Okullarda yrtlen psikolojik danma ve rehberlik hizmetlerine ilikin okul psikolojik danmanlarnn grleri [Opinions of school counsellors on psychological counselling and guidance services carried out in schools], School counselors constructions of student confidentiality, Ethical transgressions of school psychology graduate students: A critical incidents survey, Alanda alanlarn gznden psikolojik danma ve rehberlik alannn sorunlar [Professional issues in counseling as perceived by individuals working in counseling settings], Mehmet Akif Ersoy niversitesi Journal of Faculty of Education, Okul psikolojik danmanlarnn ocuk istismaryla alma yeterliliklerine ilikin nitel bir aratrma [A qualitative research on the school psychological counselors competencies working with child abuse], Hacettepe University Journal of Education, retmen ve rencilerin rehber retmeni alglamalarna ilikin bir durum almas [A case study on the perception of the school counselor by students and teachers], The use of vignettes in qualitative research into social work values, Ortaokul mdrlerine gre okul gvenliine ynelik tehditler ve zm nerileri [Threats towards school security and solution suggestions for secondary school principals], Trakya Univerity Journal of Social Sciences, Okul psikolojik danmanlarnn okullarnda verdikleri psikolojik danma ve rehberlik hizmetlerini deerlendirmeleri [School counselors assessment of the psychological counseling and guidance services they offer at their schools], School counselors attitude and decision-making towards dual relationship and confidentiality situations in counseling, https://www.doi.org/10.14527/9786053183563.040, https://www.doi.org/10.17860/mersinefd.515865, http://eb.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/viewFile/659/270, https://www.doi.org/0.1080/13645570050178594, https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1158281.pdf, https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5395.pdf, https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2017.342962, https://www.doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.2005.tb00130.x, https://www.doi.org/10.1080/1754730X.2017.1285710, https://seahipaj.org/journals-ci/mar-2018/IJILPS/full/IJILPS-M-1-2018.pdf, https://www.doi.org/10.12984/egeefd.315891, https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ885152.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1986.tb01120.x, https://www.doi.org/10.12711/tjbe.2017.10.2.0011, https://www.doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2012.718732, https://www.doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2019.612188, https://app.trdizin.gov.tr/publication/paper/detail/TVRZNU9USTRPQT09, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ilkonline/issue/8587/106708, https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.03.411, https://www.doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.2010.tb00100.x, https://www.doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.2013.00032.x, https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2020/08/20200814-2.htm, https://www.doi.org/10.18506/anemon.425418, https://app.trdizin.gov.tr/makale/TXpZMU9EUTJOZz09/turkiye-nin-ruh-sagligi-yasasi-ile-imtihani, http://www.erguven.net/medya/okulveli.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2014.987726, https://www.doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2015.1084072, https://www.doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2014.941981, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/kefad/issue/59420/853446, https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1034752.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327019EB1003_5, https://www.doi.org/10.16986/HUJE.2018044070, http://www.acarindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423936567.pdf, https://www.myk.gov.tr/index.php/en/haberler/53-hukuk-mueavirlii/2940-5-yeni-ulusal-meslek-standard-yaymland, https://www.doi.org/10.1177/1473325004041133, https://www.doi.org/10.26468/trakyasobed.502187, https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/kefdergi/issue/22606/241620, https://www.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-6729.2018.03.002.