the primary force which causes all winds is:

divergence aloft and convergence at the surface Pressure Gradient Force (PGF) - causes horizontal pressure differences and winds 2. Its readings may be too low or too high if the temperature varies from the expected. The gases that make up our atmosphere do interesting things as the temperatures change. The illustration below portrays the global wind belts, three in each hemisphere. The cause of the clockwise spiraling motion is: Identify the choice above that represents high pressure center in the Southern Hemisphere. Some, like the noreasters that blow from the northeast down the East Coast, are not creatively named. D1=Asin(kxt). The vertical component of the air motion is usually: divergence aloft and convergence at the surface. A) false theforcethat results when there is a difference inpressureacross a surface. Horizontal variations in air pressure cause a force which makes the wind blow. The expedition, named after the raft (Kon-Tiki) aimed to prove that ancient mariners could have used predictable trade winds to explore wide stretches of the Pacific.Trade winds that form over land (called continental trade winds) are warmer and drier than those that form over the ocean (maritime trade winds). The tip of South America and Australia, as well as the islands of New Zealand, are the only large landmasses to penetrate the Roaring Forties. no one factor id more important than the other All rights reserved. Morakot devastated the entire island of Taiwan, with winds of about 140 kph (85 mph). inward and clockwise The eye is surrounded by a violent circular eye wall. This is where the storms strongest winds and rain are.Hurricane Ethel, the strongest hurricane in recorded history, roared across the Gulf of Mexico in September 1960. A) wind direction decreasing the wind speed How would temperature differences make the wind blow? T/F: During times of warmer temperature (summer), the atmospheric pressure is usually less. Which of the following areas is most likely to experience rain or other significant weather? When air is colder, the gases get slower and closer together. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. The sun heats the land more quickly than the water. The pressure gradient force does not change, however, so the balance of the three forces in play at the surface is slightly more in favor of the pressure gradient. Why is the 500-mb level chart important for forecasting? Even when farmers take precautions to protect it, the wind can erode up to 2.5 kilograms of loess per square meter (1.6 pound per square foot) every year.The most famous example of this devastating windstorm is probably the Dust Bowl of 1930s North America. T/F:Cyclones are characterized by converging surface winds and rising air. The Gulf Stream brings warm water from the Gulf of Mexico up the East Coast of North America and across the Atlantic to Northern Europe. The pressure-gradient force (PGF) is a vector which points from higher pressure to lower pressure while crossing isobars at a right angle. Winds were sustained at 260 kph (160 mph). divergence at the surface Winds are directed and driven by the pressure gradient force (moves air from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure), The Coriolis force is a deflection in the path of winds or ocean currents caused by the rotation of Earth; Coriolis force deflects objects to the RIGHT in the Northern Hemisphere and to the LEFT in the Southern . pressure gradient and Coriolis. its atmosphere All three forces work together at the same time. (t/f), A southwest wind blows toward the northeast. Santa Anas are often responsible for spreading Southern Californias destructive wildfires, earning them the nickname murder winds.sirocco: wind that reaches hurricane speeds as it crosses the Mediterranean Sea to southern Europe. Just about every wind on Earth can be traced in cause back to the Sun. This cause a very slight slope and water wants to flow down the slope. Brainscape helps you realize your greatest personal and professional ambitions through strong habits and hyper-efficient studying. You should view the short video on this so-called "effect" or "force." (The Coriolis Effect). The wind is the condition of speedy movement of air. The Tri-State Tornado killed 695 people in 3.5 hours.The best protection against a tornado is early warning. (This warm, low-pressure equatorial wind descends again around the horse latitudes. The Enhanced Fujita Scale has 28 categories, with the strongest cataloging damage to hardwood and softwood trees.Hurricanes are measured using the Saffir-Simpson scale. As the dense, moist winds of the storm encounter the drier winds of the coast, the storm can increase in intensity.Strong trade winds are associated with a lack of precipitation, while weak trade winds carry rainfall far inland. The overall strength of a circulation system is determined by: air would move directly from high to low pressure. (t/f), The Coriolis effect is strongest at the equator and diminishes in strength poleward. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. T/F: An isobar is a line connecting points of equal humidity. You did not open hints for this part. Due to the Gulf Stream, Northern Europe enjoys a much warmer, milder climate than other areas at similar latitudes, such as the U.S. state of Alaska.Impact on EcologyWind has the power to move particles of earthusually dust or sandin great quantities, and over far distances. In Europe, ancient Greek myths refer to the Anemoi, or wind gods, as Boreas (north wind), Eurus (east wind), Notus (south wind), and Zephyrus (west wind). c. pressure gradient force. Seeds are carried by the wind to distant or nearby places, increasing the spread of the plants genetics. The National Hurricane Center issues hurricane watches for storms that may endanger communities, and hurricane warnings for storms that will reach land within 24 hours.CyclonesCyclones blow through the Indian Ocean in the same way hurricanes blow across the Atlantic. Winds of up to 72 kph (45 mph) whipped the East Coast from Chesapeake Bay to as far north as Nova Scotia, Canada. What is the primary force that cause all winds? (t/f), In the Northern Hemisphere, the Coriolis effect causes all moving objects that travel large distances in the atmosphere to deflect to the right of their original path. The best explanation for the cause of atmospheric pressure is: A) weight of the air above. List two corrections that are commonly made for a mercurial barometer reading. air temperature, the coriolis effect occurs because of this characteristic of the earth: The strongest winds in the solar system, however, belong to its outermost planet, Neptune. Winds carried volcanic ash and debris high in the atmosphere across the globe. The best explanation for the cause of atmospheric pressure is: The National Weather Service measures air pressure in the unit of a millibar, which is equivalent to: If the National Weather Service converted to the metric system, they would most likely report air pressure in which units? pressure gradient force. centrifugal force. Which type of meteorological instrument is used to collect the necessary data for the production of upper-level weather charts? The winds therefore still blow in towards the low, at an angle across the isobars, rather than flowing parallel to them as they do in the upper atmosphere. According to researchers at University of Colorado Denver, what was the most important factor in the high number of home runs at Coors Field? This in turn allows for a greater Coriolis deflection. pressure gradient force. Figure 23. At any elevation it varies from place to place and its variation is the primary cause of air motion, i.e. (t/f), Standard sea level atmospheric pressure in the U.S. is approximately 29.92 inches of mercury. It takes satellite imagery to see atmospheric motion and improve our ability to forecast weather. The geostrophic wind concept is most like the real atmospheric winds: When geostrophic conditions exist in the atmosphere, the net force on the moving air is: The geostrophic wind describes a situation where the air moves: If you stand with your back to the wind, there is low pressure on your left and high pressure on the right. (t/f), Anticyclones characteristically have winds blowing toward their center. The slowly rotating blades can also kill birds and batsbut not nearly as many as cars, power lines, and high-rise buildings.The economic drawback to wind farms, however, is the wind itself. If they are behind the plane, pushing it forward, they are called tailwinds. T/F: If pressure gradient was the only force acting on the air, it would move in a curved path. T/F:The sea breeze is a simple thermal circulation that does not involve a pressure gradient. This courseware module is offered as part of the Repository of Open and Affordable Materials at Penn State. These are called geostrophic winds. They always blow from cold, high-pressure regions. Wind shear is a difference in wind speed and direction over a set distance in the atmosphere. National Geographic Environment: Wind Power, National Geographic Environment: Harness the Power of Wind. friction between the air and the ground Uneven heating of the earth or horizontal temperature contrasts. More than 147 centimeters (58 inches) of snow fell across the region, causing freezing temperatures and massive flooding as the snow melted. (Visibility is the distance that a person can seeblizzards, like fog, make visibility difficult and a task like driving dangerous.) Gravity (G) - causes vertical pressure differences and winds Coriolis Force (Co) - causes all moving objects, such as air, to diverge, or veer, to the right in the The scale is named for Sir Francis Beaufort, who established a system for describing wind force in 1805 for the British Royal Navy. Why is the 500-mb level chart important for forecasting? Any two: elevation, temperature, latitude. Here are some others:barber: cold, moisture-laden wind that freezes on contact with hair and beards.brickfielder: hot, dry wind that carries enormous amounts of red dust from the deserts of southern Australia.Cape Doctor: cold, dry wind from the southeast that sanitizes the city of Cape Town, South Africa.chinook: warming wind rushing eastward down the Rocky Mountains of Canada and the U.S.Coromuel: strong, warm wind that blows from afternoon to early morning through La Paz, Baja California, Mexico. This may have been enough to strip the bark from trees. Ocean currents can be caused by wind, density differences in water masses caused by temperature and salinity variations, gravity, and events such as earthquakes or storms. San Francisco is a coastal city in sunny California, and yet the author Mark Twain noticed that the coldest winter I ever spent was a summer in San Francisco!Wind affects the climate of a mountainous area differently. T/F:If the pressure at sea level were 1020 millibars, it would be considered higher than average. Weather reports of wind express only the horizontal motion of the air. T/F:Winds flow cyclonically around all areas of low pressure. The first Protestant Wind was a storm that destroyed the (Catholic) Spanish Armada off the coast of England in 1588. Dust Bowl storms could reduce visibility to a few feet, and earned names like "Black Blizzards." However, typhoons have also been recorded as far as the U.S. states of Hawaii and even Alaska.Typhoons are often associated with extremely heavy rainfall. The cells on either side of the Equator are called Hadley cells and give rise to the Trade Winds at Earth's surface. Expert Answer. Air is set in motion by the Pressure Gradient Force (PGF). D) Coriolis effect. The Earth would have two large Hadley cells if it did not rotate. The Coriolis effect influences the wind by: Which of these factors influence the magnitude of the Coriolis force? The sun heats the surface of the earth unevenly because of the shape and tilt of the earth. C) air compression. Its magnitude depends on the pressure gradient, which is a measure of the spacing between isobars. The gases that make up our atmosphere do interesting things as the temperatures change. Friction reduces the speed so Coriolis is weakened. Circulation in the earth's atmosphere are fundamentally caused by: A cyclone is generally defined by meteorologists as: in the opposite direction of Earth's rotation. Horizontal variations in air pressure cause a force which makes the wind blow. Name the three driving forces that create and influence the air's motion, and write a brief description of how each creates and/or alters wind. Wind is the movement of air caused by the uneven heating of the Earth by the sun. The primary force which causes ALL winds is: Neglecting friction, the speed and direction of the horizontal wind are determined by: The pressure gradient force is directed from higher to lower pressure: change in pressure along a horizontal surface, lines connecting points of equal air pressure. It probably has to do with the combination of "the conservation of angular momentum" and centrifugal force. T/F:At a given pressure value, the air density will be highest when the temperature is coldest. Neglecting friction, the speed and direction of the horizontal wind are determined by: temperature and humidity viscosity and turbulence Driven by westerlies, the powerful Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) rushes around the continent (from west to east) at about 4 kilometers per hour (2.5 miles per hour). Rising air undergoes adiabatic cooling, which assists in the formation of clouds. Air from a high pressure area will move towards an area of low pressure. Some equatorial air masses return to the doldrums as trade winds, while others circulate in the other direction as westerlies. During the winter, land cools more quickly than the ocean. Its called diffusion. And then check out the simulations where you can create a hurricane and control a tornado. In areas where tornadoes are common, many communities have tornado warning systems. Winds generally blow from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas.The boundary between these two areas is called a front. Neglecting friction, the speed and direction of the horizontal wind are determined by: only gravity. WHAT CAUSES WIND? (A draft is simply a vertical movement of air.) Identify the choice above that represents a low pressure center (in either hemisphere). Module 1: Freshwater Resources - A Global Perspective, Repository of Open and Affordable Materials, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Which of the following would involve the greatest change in atmospheric pressure? T/F:A southwest wind blows toward the northeast. increasing the wind speed How do we explain this pattern of global winds and how does it influence precipitation? Winds converging in the center are then forced to rise, which leads to adiabatic cooling and the development of clouds and precipitation. The Coriolis effect occurs because of this characteristic of the earth. Team Lead: Maureen Feineman, Associate Professor, The Pennsylvania State University. Prevailing winds in the doldrums are very weak, and the weather is unusually calm.The ITCZ straddles the Equator. The winds at the 500-mb level determine the direction of movement for weather systems. gravity and humidity. (The Coriolis Effect). convergence aloft T/F:If you're cooking pasta for your big romantic date, you'd better allow a few extra minutes for it to cook once it comes to a boil if you're at a high altitude. If you want to locate the centers of high and low pressure systems, you will need a map that has: A cyclone is generally defined by meterologists as: The addition of water vapor will cause the density of the air to. One of the most familiar of these downslope winds is the Fhn. change in pressure along a horizontal surface. Ships relied on trade winds to establish quick, reliable routes across the vast Atlantic and, later, Pacific Oceans. If it's not blowing, there's no electricity generated.Still, use of wind energy has more than quadrupled between 2000 and 2006. Europe endured years of cold, damp summers and pink sunsets.Winds ability to move earth can erode the landscape. T/F:Anticyclones characteristically have winds blowing toward their center. Hurricane Frances had a region of 80-kmph wind 500 km wide on September 4. However, cool winds (called rear flank downdrafts) eventually wrap around the tornado and cut off the supply of warm air that feeds it. The rotation of the Earth is responsible for the Coriolis Effect which breaks the two large Hadley Cells into six smaller ones displayed as six red circles in this figure. Extraterrestrial WindsThe same forces that cause winds on Earthuneven heating by the sun and the planets rotationcause other planets to develop strong winds. are not influenced. These pressure variations are caused by A)greenhouse effect B)non-circular shape of earth C)warm temperatures in the stratosphere D)uneven heating of the earth's surface E)earth's rotation B)rising and expanding Two traveling waves are described by the functions, D1=Asin(kxt)D_1=A \sin (k x-\omega t) Which of the following would involve the greatest change in atmospheric pressure? In the upper atmosphere, there is almost no friction, which allows for greater wind speed. KamikazeLike the Protestant Wind, kamikaze were specific historical winds. But, because it does rotate, the rotation of the Earth leads to the Coriolis effect. People want to spread out as much as possible. Pressure gradient: initiates wind flow by directing wind out of high pressure and towards low pressure areas; determines initial wind speed according to the strength of the pressure gradient. Heavy rains contribute to floods and landslides, which may occur many kilometers inland. The Coriolis effect influences the wind by: Which of these factors influence the magnitude of the Coriolis force? A pressure gradient is the rate of change of pressure with respect to distance. Hurricane-force winds can extend outward more than 150 miles (242 km) for a large one. Spanish, Portuguese, and British ships were quick, relatively easy to maneuver, and their large, complex series of sails exploited trade winds and southern westerlies to travel across the ocean. Only one person died as a result of Hurricane Ethel, and damage to buildings and boats was limited to less than $2 million.Hurricanes bring destruction to coastal ecosystems and communities. lines connecting points of equal air pressure. Anemometers are used with tornado data collectors, which measure the velocity, precipitation, and pressure of tornadoes.Tornadoes strength is measured according to the Fujita scale. If air pressure is reduced by one-half for every five-kilometer increase in altitude, what would be the air pressure at a height of 25 kilometers as a fraction of sea-level air pressure? Authors: Michael Arthur and Demian Saffer Professors, The Pennsylvania State University - University Park, Patrick Belmont Assistant Professor, Utah State University. (t/f), A steep pressure gradient indicates strong winds. The predominant summer wind direction is in favor of the batter. How long before surgery can an autologous blood transfusion be obtained? latitude The islands of the Philippines, China, Vietnam, and Japan are the most affected. The tornado thins out into the rope-like stage and dissipates a few minutes later.Most tornadoes have wind speeds of less than 177 kph (110 mph), and are about 76 meters (250 feet) across. Age of SailThe ability of ships to sail with powerful trade winds helped determine the political and engineering history of the Age of Exploration, sometimes nicknamed the Age of Sail. T/F:A wind direction of 270 degrees means that the wind is blowing from the southeast. Skyscrapers must account for this increased wind by having a stronger foundation or being engineered to safely sway with the wind.The amount of force that wind is generating is measured according to the Beaufort scale. The Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) on the GOES-16 satellite can do all kinds of things. In other. What best explains the high wind speeds found immediately around the low pressure center (L)? Coriolis: alteration of wind direction caused by the rotation of the Earth. T/F:In the Northern Hemisphere, the Coriolis effect causes all moving objects that travel large distances in the atmosphere to deflect to the right of their original path. It is strong enough to carry sailing ships across the ocean and rip huge trees from the ground. B) balloon ascent from sea level to 3 miles Its winds were about 185 kph (115 mph) as it made landfall along the coast of the Bay of Bengal, in what is today Bangladesh. The main cause of wind is a little surprising. (t/f), Winds flow cyclonically around all areas of low pressure. More specifically, its differences in temperature between different areas. As the land heats the moist air, it rises, cools, condenses, and falls back to Earth as rain. A) horizontal airplane flight of 200 miles Warm equatorial air rises higher into the atmosphere and migrates toward the poles. The pilot flies directly north following a straight line, but arrives at a city some distance to the west of City B. E) geostrophic force. Best explanation for the cause of atmospheric pressure What is the average sea level pressure in the U.S.? In Minnesota, for example, tall towers throughout neighborhoods sound an alarm if a tornado is near.Measuring WindsWind is often measured in terms of wind shear. These storm surges are extremely dangerous and cause 90 percent of all hurricane deaths.The deadliest hurricane on record is the Great Hurricane of 1780. Divergencein the atmosphere is best defined as: Which of the following has the smallest impact on winds? As the Sun unevenly heats the surface of the Earth, air rises and sinks, resulting in high and low regions of air pressure. This comes from the second law of thermodynamics that states higher energy states move toward lower energy states. produces strong winds The vertical component of the air motion is usually: divergence aloft and convergence at the surface. Generally, prevailing winds blow east-west rather than north-south. Economic damage from the Bhola Cyclone was more than $479 million, adjusted for inflation.TyphoonTyphoons are tropical storms that develop over the northwest Pacific Ocean. Gravity 4. In 2007, the Enhanced Fujita Scale was established in the U.S.; it provides more specific effects of the tornado to determine its destructive power. How does this produce precipitation, and where? . (t/f), The most important force causing the wind is due to the earth's rotation. Friction reduces the wind speed and this decreases the Coriolis deflection. They can help you get to your destination more quickly. Hurricaneforce winds, 74 mph or more, can destroy buildings and mobile homes. outward and counter clockwise, Instead of the air flowing straight out of a high pressure system, it spirals out in a clockwise direction. T/F: As seen by an observer on Earth, the Coriolis effect is an illusion; no deflection can actually be measured. where A=0.15m,k=3.5m1A=0.15 \mathrm{~m}, k=3.5 \mathrm{~m}^{-1}A=0.15m,k=3.5m1, and =1.6s1\omega=1.6 \mathrm{~s}^{-1}=1.6s1. Kamikazetranslated as divine windswere major typhoons that destroyed the invading Mongolian Navy off the coast of Japan in the late 1200s. The pressure gradient force is a major force in the air of the earth's atmosphere. primary force that causes all winds. Damage to buildings, vehicles, roads, and shipping facilities is estimated at about $133.8 billion (adjusted for inflation). Slows the wind speed, and in so doing, also reduces the Coriolis deflection. At the same time, cooler, denser air moves over Earths surface toward the Equator to replace the heated air. ________ are elongated high pressure areas extending towards the poles and are associated with ________. A coastal region, for instance, undergoes changes in wind direction daily. Across the ocean, dust makes the sky hazy. The warm air over the ocean rises, allowing cool land-air to flow in.Most winter monsoons are cool and dry, while summer monsoons are warm and moist. convergence both at the surface and aloft, divergence aloft and convergence at the surface, : (eng 1) Psalms Chapter 1. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. Wind shear is measured both horizontally and vertically. D) deflection always at a 90 degree angle to the direction of air flow, C) Low wind speeds strongest deflection. Typhoons form as equatorial winds and blow westward before turning north and merging with westerlies around the mid-latitudes. The wind was named after British sailor Samuel Cromwell, whose name the locals could not pronounce.Hawk: strong, cool breeze blowing westward through Chicago from Lake Michigan.levant: strong winds that blow from the Atlantic Ocean through the narrow Strait of Gibraltar in the western Mediterranean Sea. Gone with the LooThere are dozens of names for winds that blow through specific regions. Westerlies are strongest in the winter, when pressure over the pole is low, and weakest in summer, when the polar high creates stronger polar easterlies.The strongest westerlies blow through the Roaring Forties, a wind zone between 40 and 50 degrees latitude in the Southern Hemisphere. The wind is a result of forces acting on the atmosphere: 1. Jupiters famous Great Red Spot is actually a centuries-old hurricane-like storm, swirling at around 644 kph (400 mph). its pressure gradient The primary cause of erosion along a coastline is by wave action. Although it decreased in intensity, the hurricane was tracked through the U.S. state of Florida before dissipating in the Canadian province of Newfoundland.Hurricanes can be destructive in other ways. Coriolis deflection increases as distance from the Equator increases, and also increases with increasing wind speed. Choose t=1.5st=1.5 \mathrm{~s}t=1.5s. Why are you more likely to get a static shock to your finger than to your whole hand? When upper atmospheric winds blow parallel to the isobars along straight paths, they are termed ________ winds. More specifically, it's differences in temperature between different areas. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. Currents are cohesive streams of seawater that circulate through the ocean. The rising air creates a circulation cell, called a Hadley Cell, in which the air rises and cools at high altitudes moves outward (towards the poles) and, eventually, descends back to the surface. A) horizontal airplane flight of 200 miles, B) balloon ascent from sea level to 3 miles, C) travel from center of a low pressure system to center of a high pressure system, D) difference between the highest and lowest recorded pressure at any one weather station. Although sophisticated meteorological equipment was not available at that time, winds may have reached 320 kph (200 mph) as the hurricane hit Barbados and other islands in the Caribbean Sea. Neptunian winds whip at speeds up to 2,100 kph (1,300 mph).Extrasolar planets (those outside our solar system) have even faster winds. As wind approaches a mountain, it brings moisture with it, which condenses as rain and other precipitation before coming over the crest of the mountain. Riding with jet streams saves time and fuel. The term pressure gradient refers to: everywhere. A diagram which indicates the percentage of time the wind blows from various directions. T/F:The most fundamental reason for all atmospheric motions is the non-uniform heating of the earth by the Sun. (t/f), The most fundamental reason for all atmospheric motions is the non-uniform heating of the earth by the Sun. e. Coriolis effect. The Coriolis effect is important only for motions that: With respect to the Coriolis force, which association is NOT correct? ANSWER: Most of the water on Earth is stored ___. (t/f), The sea breeze is a simple thermal circulation that does not involve a pressure gradient. Watch this video to learn about wind! The addition of water vapor will cause the density of air to: Air pressure drops ________ with altitude in a column of cold (dense) air than in a column of warm (less dense) air. Even people do it! Cloud development is stifled and skies are usually clear. It's actually temperature. (In the Southern Hemisphere, low-pressure systems will be on your right. The labeled lines on the map are called ________ and they represent lines of equal ________. 78) Theprimary forcewhich causes allwinds is: A) inertia force. Horizontal variations in air pressure cause a force which makes the wind blow. T/F:The Coriolis effect only applies to atmospheric motions; aircraft, rockets, people, etc. 24 Q Neglecting friction, the speed and direction of the horizontal wind are determined by: A pressure gradient and Coriolis. Explain why winds aloft flow roughly parallel to the isobars, while surface winds travel at an angle across the isobars. The westerlies of the Roaring Forties were very important to sailors during the Age of Exploration, when explorers and traders from Europe and western Asia used the strong winds to reach the spice markets of Southeast Asia and Australia.Westerlies have an enormous impact on ocean currents, especially in the Southern Hemisphere. Uneven heating of the earth or horizontal temperature contrasts. (t/f), If pressure gradient was the only force acting on the air, it would move in a curved path. are generally faster than surface winds wind speed is only possible in the tropics . Areas where prevailing winds meet are called convergence zones. They have been instrumental in the history of exploration, communication, and trade. The air sinking towards the surface of the anticyclone not only causes the high pressure but also is associated with general subsidence, which prevents rising air and adiabatic cooling.

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